FOR OUR ENVIRONMENT AND OUR CUSTOMERS' MONEY

COMBUSTION ANALYSIS

The environment has to deal with ever larger concentrations of pollutants due to the use of all types of combustion processes. Smog formation, acid rain and the constantly increasing number of allergies are a direct result of this development. The path to environmentally friendly energy production must therefore lead to a reduction in the emission of pollutants, which is only possible when the existing equipment is working correctly and defective equipment is taken off line. Flue gas analysis and a flue gas analyser enable you to measure the concentrations of the pollutants present and to adjust your burners for optimal combustion.

This branch can be seen as connected to several very different industries. It has a function as environmental control, as simple air pollution control equipment for its own sake. It can be seen as a supplement to general maintenance services and hence the protection of an investment, and it is also a valuable tool for reducing fuel costs. Known under many names, flue gas analysis, stack emissions monitoring or simply gas analysis. Should it become part of military procedure, we will probably be hearing about gas monitoring, stack as well! If we talk of compliance testing, then the legal aspect of the matter becomes clear, as well as the interest of the EPA in the matter. Without a flue gas analyser, there is no real way of checking your own level of compliance and hence avoiding nasty surprises when official testing with a flue gas analyser is carried out.

Many new sections keep being created. The modern interest in biogas has been increased by the high cost of fuel in recent times and the greenhouse effects caused by simply venting these gases to atmosphere. NO2 has become more of a topic, now that carbon monoxide has generally been reduced. Basically, stack testing is a growing business and will be with us for as long as we burn fossil fuels. Most of this site will employ the British expression, flue gas analyser and not the American flue gas analyzer, although there are some mixtures to be found. The two terms are, of course, identical in meaning. There are many other synonyms in common usage, and these will be mixed freely in some places. I apologise in advance for what may be seen as inconsistency. It is more a planned attempt to make everybody feel at home!

 Topic index: The topic index is a short list of the various subject matters covered by this site such as biogas, biomass, landfill technology, sample conditioning systems, stationary monitors, indoor climate control and other carbon dioxide applications.

Site map (alphabetical) This will take you directly to a desired page from the alphabetical list of subjects. Most ofthe related pages are linked together, so there should be no problem in finding what you are looking for.

Site map of downloads: These are documents in Portable Document Format for download. They are mostly printable copies of the pages found elsewhere on the site.

Other languages: Some of the pages from this site are available in other languages as well. Where appropriate, a link will lead from the English page to translations. Sections are available in Chinese, Croatian, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish.

C o n t e n t s

 

1) W h a t is c o m b u s t i o n ?

2) What is combustion efficiency?

3) What needs to be measured for combustion efficiency?

4) What is flue gas?

4.1) Which units are commonly used ?

5) Why is it important to do combustion testing ?

6) What is the difference between a traditional (mechanical) instrument and a continuous sampling flue gas analyser?

7) What is the best place to take a sample?

8) How important is it to measure CO ?

9) How do relevant combustion parameters like O2, CO, CO2, temperature, and smoke (soot) relate to efficiency?

10) Why measure draft?

11) Is it important to measure smoke in oil-fired furnaces?

12) Does frequent testing increase fuel savings?

13) How to calculate savings through higher efficiency

14) The difference between "Wet" and "Dry" analysis

15) What type of sensors are used in madur electronics instruments?

15.1) Cross-sensitivity of electrochemical sensors and how to handle it

15.2) What is the expected lifetime of electrochemical sensors?

15.3) How often do electrochemical sensors need to be calibrated?

16) Types of flue gas analyser produced by madur electronics

17) Sample conditioning

17.1) Sampling for sulphur dioxide

17.2) Nitrogen Analysis

17.3) Sampling for oxides of nitrogen

18) Principle of peltier modules used in madur electronicsgas coolers / driers

19) Flue gas contents

20 ) M e a s u r e d v a l u e s

20.1) Directly measured values

20.2) Calculated values

21) B a s i c p r i n c i p l e s of c a l c u l a t i n g r e s u l t s in a flue gas analyser

21.1 ) Quantities obtained from direct measurements (O2, CO, NO, SO2)

21.2 ) Calculating the concentration of carbon dioxide

21.3 ) Calculating the concentration of nitrogen oxides NOx

21.4 ) Concentration of "undiluted" carbon monoxide COundil

21.5) Mass concentrations of gas components

21.6) Calculating combustion parameters

21.7) Fuel components

21.8) The influence of fuel parameters on the accuracy of result calculations

22) R e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s in flue gas analysers

23) Last points and useful links to sites about biogas and flue gas analysers

 

Glossary of terms used in flue gas analysis:

Sensor technology

Sample conditioning

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